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"In the Arctic winter the predominant background color is white. The temperature is extremely cold so animals have adapted for survival. The polar bear looks white and this adaptation protects the bears from being seen by predators. The polar bear’s top fur is actually transparent, hollow hair shafts. There is a dense ‘woolly’ undercoat. (The bears also have a layer of blubber under their skin.) Air is trapped in the hollow hair shafts and this provides insulation for the bears. The hairs reflect the light so that the color of the bear looks white. The hair does not mat so that ice and water can be shaken off easily. The polar bear’s skin is black. Black absorbs light wavelengths so that the skin absorbs the warmth from the light and holds it instead of reflecting it away from the skin."
" While it is well known that marine mammals such as whales, seals, and polar bears have thick layers of fat to help keep them warm, northern seabirds such as puffins also rely on internal layers of fat to help them survive frigid Arctic waters. This fat, combined with their external water-repelling and air-trapping coat of feathers, allows seabirds to live in a seemingly harsh environment. (Older students could research other adaptations to the cold, for birds as well as other life forms.) "
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